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bux-lang/_selfhost/src/c_backend.bux
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// c_backend.bux — C transpiler backend (ported from c_backend.nim)
// Generates C code from the HIR.
module CBackend {
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Type → C type name
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
func CBackend_TypeToC(kind: int) -> String {
if kind == tyVoid { return "void"; }
if kind == tyBool { return "bool"; }
if kind == tyBool8 { return "bool"; }
if kind == tyBool16 { return "bool"; }
if kind == tyBool32 { return "bool"; }
if kind == tyChar8 { return "char"; }
if kind == tyChar16 { return "uint16"; }
if kind == tyChar32 { return "uint32"; }
if kind == tyStr { return "String"; }
if kind == tyInt8 { return "int8"; }
if kind == tyInt16 { return "int16"; }
if kind == tyInt32 { return "int32"; }
if kind == tyInt64 { return "int64"; }
if kind == tyInt{ return "int"; }
if kind == tyUInt8 { return "uint8"; }
if kind == tyUInt16 { return "uint16"; }
if kind == tyUInt32 { return "uint32"; }
if kind == tyUInt64 { return "uint64"; }
if kind == tyUInt { return "uint"; }
if kind == tyFloat32 { return "float32"; }
if kind == tyFloat64 { return "float64"; }
if kind == tyPointer { return "void*"; }
if kind == tyNamed { return "int"; }
return "int";
}
func CBackend_OpToC(op: int) -> String {
if op == tkPlus { return "+"; }
if op == tkMinus { return "-"; }
if op == tkStar { return "*"; }
if op == tkSlash { return "/"; }
if op == tkPercent { return "%"; }
if op == tkEq { return "=="; }
if op == tkNe { return "!="; }
if op == tkLt { return "<"; }
if op == tkLe { return "<="; }
if op == tkGt { return ">"; }
if op == tkGe { return ">="; }
if op == tkAmpAmp { return "&&"; }
if op == tkPipePipe { return "||"; }
if op == tkBang { return "!"; }
if op == tkAmp { return "&"; }
if op == tkPipe { return "|"; }
if op == tkCaret { return "^"; }
if op == tkShl { return "<<"; }
if op == tkShr { return ">>"; }
if op == tkAssign { return "="; }
return "?";
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// StringBuilder-based C emitter
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
struct CEmitter {
sb: StringBuilder,
indent: int,
}
func CBE_Init() -> CEmitter {
var sb: StringBuilder = StringBuilder_NewCap(4096);
return CEmitter { sb: sb, indent: 0 };
}
func CBE_Emit(cbe: *CEmitter, text: String) {
var i: int = 0;
while i < cbe.indent {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " ");
i = i + 1;
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, text);
}
func CBE_EmitLine(cbe: *CEmitter, text: String) {
CBE_Emit(cbe, text);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "\n");
}
func CBE_Build(cbe: *CEmitter) -> String {
return StringBuilder_Build(&cbe.sb);
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Emit HIR node
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
func CBE_EmitExpr(cbe: *CEmitter, node: *HirNode) {
if node == null as *HirNode { return; }
let kind: int = node.kind;
// Literal
if kind == hLit {
if node.intValue == tkNull {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "0");
} else {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, node.strValue);
}
return;
}
// Variable
if kind == hVar {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, node.strValue);
return;
}
// Binary
if kind == hBinary {
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child1);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " ");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, CBackend_OpToC(node.intValue));
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " ");
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child2);
return;
}
// Unary
if kind == hUnary {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, CBackend_OpToC(node.intValue));
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child1);
return;
}
// Call
if kind == hCall {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, node.strValue);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "(");
if node.child1 != null as *HirNode {
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child1);
}
if node.child2 != null as *HirNode {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ", ");
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child2);
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ")");
return;
}
// Return
if kind == hReturn {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "return");
if node.child1 != null as *HirNode {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " ");
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child1);
}
return;
}
// Alloca
if kind == hAlloca {
if !String_Eq(node.typeName, "") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, node.typeName);
} else {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "int");
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " ");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, node.strValue);
return;
}
// Store: combine alloca + value into single declaration
if kind == hStore {
if node.child1 != null as *HirNode && node.child1.kind == hAlloca {
// Declaration with initializer: Type x = value;
if !String_Eq(node.child1.typeName, "") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, node.child1.typeName);
} else {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, CBackend_TypeToC(node.child1.intValue));
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " ");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, node.child1.strValue);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " = ");
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child2);
return;
}
// Plain assignment
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child1);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " = ");
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child2);
return;
}
// If
if kind == hIf {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "if (");
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child1);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ") {\n");
if node.child2 != null as *HirNode {
cbe.indent = cbe.indent + 1;
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child2);
cbe.indent = cbe.indent - 1;
}
var sp: int = 0;
while sp < cbe.indent {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " ");
sp = sp + 1;
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "}");
let elseBlock: *HirNode = node.extraData as *HirNode;
if elseBlock != null as *HirNode {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " else {\n");
cbe.indent = cbe.indent + 1;
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, elseBlock);
cbe.indent = cbe.indent - 1;
sp = 0;
while sp < cbe.indent {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " ");
sp = sp + 1;
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "}\n");
} else {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "\n");
}
return;
}
// Cast
if kind == hCast {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "((");
if !String_Eq(node.typeName, "") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, node.typeName);
} else {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, CBackend_TypeToC(node.typeKind));
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ")");
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, node.child1);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ")");
return;
}
// Struct init: ((TypeName){.field = value, ...})
if kind == hStructInit {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "((");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, node.strValue);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "){");
// Emit fields (chained via child3)
var field: *HirNode = node.child1;
var first: bool = true;
while field != null as *HirNode {
if !first {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ", ");
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ".");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, field.strValue);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " = ");
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, field.child1);
first = false;
field = field.child3;
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "})");
return;
}
// Block — emit each statement via child3 linked list
if kind == hBlock {
var child: *HirNode = node.child1;
while child != null as *HirNode {
// Indent
var sp: int = 0;
while sp < cbe.indent {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " ");
sp = sp + 1;
}
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, child);
// Add semicolon for statements that need it
if child.kind != hBlock && child.kind != hIf && child.kind != hWhile && child.kind != hLoop {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ";");
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "\n");
child = child.child3;
}
return;
}
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Emit function declaration
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
func CBE_EmitFuncDecl(cbe: *CEmitter, f: *HirFunc) {
// Return type
if String_Eq(f.retTypeName, "") || String_Eq(f.retTypeName, "void") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "void ");
} else if String_Eq(f.retTypeName, "String") || String_Eq(f.retTypeName, "str") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "String ");
} else if String_Eq(f.retTypeName, "bool") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "bool ");
} else if String_Eq(f.retTypeName, "int") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "int ");
} else if String_Eq(f.retTypeName, "int64") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "int64 ");
} else if String_Eq(f.retTypeName, "uint") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "uint ");
} else if String_Eq(f.retTypeName, "float64") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "float64 ");
} else if f.retTypeKind == tyNamed || !String_Eq(f.retTypeName, "") {
// Use the struct name directly (e.g., "Point", "Type")
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, f.retTypeName);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " ");
} else {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "int "); // fallback
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, f.name);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "(");
// Parameters
var i: int = 0;
while i < f.paramCount {
if i > 0 {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ", ");
}
// Use param type info
var pname: String = "";
var ptype: String = "";
if i == 0 { pname = f.param0.name; ptype = f.param0.typeName; }
if i == 1 { pname = f.param1.name; ptype = f.param1.typeName; }
if i == 2 { pname = f.param2.name; ptype = f.param2.typeName; }
if i == 3 { pname = f.param3.name; ptype = f.param3.typeName; }
if i == 4 { pname = f.param4.name; ptype = f.param4.typeName; }
if i == 5 { pname = f.param5.name; ptype = f.param5.typeName; }
// Emit type
if String_Eq(ptype, "String") || String_Eq(ptype, "str") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "String ");
} else if String_Eq(ptype, "bool") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "bool ");
} else if String_Eq(ptype, "int") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "int ");
} else if String_Eq(ptype, "int64") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "int64 ");
} else if String_Eq(ptype, "uint") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "uint ");
} else if String_Eq(ptype, "float64") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "float64 ");
} else if !String_Eq(ptype, "") {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ptype);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " ");
} else {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "int "); // fallback
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, pname);
i = i + 1;
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ")");
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Generate complete C module
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
func CBackend_Generate(mod: *HirModule) -> String {
let cbe: *CEmitter = bux_alloc(sizeof(CEmitter)) as *CEmitter;
cbe.sb = StringBuilder_NewCap(8192);
cbe.indent = 0;
// Header
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "// Generated by Bux C Backend\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "#include <stdint.h>\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "#include <stdbool.h>\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "#include <string.h>\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "#include <stdio.h>\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "#include <stdlib.h>\n\n");
// Type aliases
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "typedef const char* String;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "typedef unsigned char uint8;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "typedef unsigned short uint16;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "typedef unsigned int uint32;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "typedef unsigned long long uint64;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "typedef signed char int8;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "typedef short int16;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "typedef long long int64;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "typedef float float32;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "typedef double float64;\n\n");
// Runtime declarations
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "void* bux_alloc(unsigned int size);\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "void bux_free(void* ptr);\n\n");
// Forward declarations for all functions
var i: int = 0;
while i < mod.funcCount {
CBE_EmitFuncDecl(cbe, &mod.funcs[i]);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ";\n");
i = i + 1;
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "\n");
// Extern declarations
i = 0;
while i < mod.externCount {
CBE_EmitFuncDecl(cbe, &mod.externFuncs[i]);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, ";\n");
i = i + 1;
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "\n");
// Function definitions
var hasMain: bool = false;
i = 0;
while i < mod.funcCount {
if String_Eq(mod.funcs[i].name, "Main") { hasMain = true; }
CBE_EmitFuncDecl(cbe, &mod.funcs[i]);
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " {\n");
// Body
var hasReturn: bool = false;
let body: *HirNode = mod.funcs[i].body;
if body != null as *HirNode {
cbe.indent = 1;
CBE_EmitExpr(cbe, body);
cbe.indent = 0;
// Check if body has a return statement
var stmt: *HirNode = body.child1;
while stmt != null as *HirNode {
if stmt.kind == hReturn { hasReturn = true; }
stmt = stmt.child3;
}
}
// Add default return 0 only if function returns int and has no explicit return
if String_Eq(mod.funcs[i].retTypeName, "int") && !hasReturn {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " return 0;\n");
}
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "}\n\n");
i = i + 1;
}
// Generate C main wrapper if Main function exists
if hasMain {
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "extern int g_argc;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "extern char** g_argv;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "int main(int argc, char** argv) {\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " g_argc = argc;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " g_argv = argv;\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, " return Main();\n");
StringBuilder_Append(&cbe.sb, "}\n");
}
return StringBuilder_Build(&cbe.sb);
}
func CBackend_Free(cbe: *CEmitter) {
StringBuilder_Free(&cbe.sb);
bux_free(cbe as *void);
}
}
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